Agora Verkehrswende / Reiner Lemoine Institut: "Bidirectional Charging – How using EV drive batteries as storage for the power grid can pay off financially" (2025) – https://www.agora-verkehrswende.de/veroeffentlichungen/bidirektionales-laden(Note: Written in German, with English press coverage and summary available)

Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency): Reports and regulations on iMSys metering and the roll-out of intelligent metering systems – https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Fachthemen/ElektrizitaetundGas/NetzzugangMesswesen/Mess-undZaehlwesen/iMSys/artikel.html(Note: Available only in German)

CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion (CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group): Minor Interpellation: "The Future of Bidirectional Charging" (Bundestag Printed Paper 20/14829) (2025) – https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/148/2014829.pdf(Note: Available only in German)

DFBEW (Franco-German Office for the Energy Transition) / Frontier Economics: "Background paper on battery storage: Business models and regulatory framework" (2026) – https://energie-fr-de.eu/de/systeme-maerkte/nachrichten/leser/externes-hintergrundpapier-zu-geschaeftsmodellen-und-dem-regulatorischen-rechtsrahmen-von-batteriespeichern.html(Note: Available only in German and French)

EDF / Dreev: "BatteryMove – Technico-economic impacts of smart charging on EV batteries and the electrical system" (2026) (Note: Research paper published via ADEME / EDF, available in French)

ElaadNL: "High Potential for Home Bidirectional Charging to Support the Grid (NL)" (2025) – https://elaad.nl/en/high-potential-for-home-bidirectional-charging-to-support-the-grid/

E.ON: "Twelve hours of electricity for more than millions of households: E.ON calculation shows storage potential of bidirectional vehicle fleet" (2024) – https://www.eon.com/en/about-us/media/press-release/2024/twelve-hours-of-electricity-for-more-than-millions-of-households-eon-calculation-shows-storage-potential.html

E.ON / BMW: "Bidirectional charging with the BMW iX3 and the BMW Wallbox Professional" (2025) – https://www.eon.de/de/pk/e-mobility/bidi-laden-bmw-ix3.html(Note: Available only in German)

EY / Eurelectric: "Plugging into Potential – Unleashing the Untapped Flexibility of EVs" (2025) – https://www.eurelectric.org/publications/plugging-into-potential-unleashing-the-untapped-flexibility-of-evs/

FfE (Research Center for Energy Economics): "BDL – Bidirectional Charging Management: Final Report of the FfE" (2021) – https://www.ffe.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BDL-Abschlussbericht.pdf(Note: Final technical report available only in German, English project overview available at https://www.ffe.de/en/projects/bidirectional-charging-management-bdl/)

FfE (Research Center for Energy Economics): "Bidirectional Charging – Use Cases from a User Perspective" (2024) – https://www.ffe.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Bidirektionales-Laden-Anwendungsfaelle-aus-Nutzersicht.pdf(Note: Available only in German)

FfE (Research Center for Energy Economics): "Smart Meter Rollout in Germany and Europe" (2025) – https://www.ffe.de/veroeffentlichungen/smart-meter-rollout-in-deutschland-und-europa/(Note: Detail view available only in German)

FfE (Research Center for Energy Economics): "V2G Integration in Europe – A comparison of the implementation of bidirectional charging in France, the UK and Germany" (2025) – https://www.ffe.de/en/publications/publication-of-the-white-paper-on-v2g-integration-in-europe

FfE (Research Center for Energy Economics): "Unlocking V2G Potentials – From Hurdles to Solutions" (2025) – https://www.ffe.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FfE_V2G_Potenziale_Heben_Ergebnisbericht.pdf(Note: Available only in German)

FÖS (Green Budget Germany / Forum Ökologisch-Soziale Marktwirtschaft): "Expensive option for security of supply: The true costs of electricity from natural gas" (2026) – https://foes.de/en-us(English portal available, direct study link in German: https://foes.de/pdf/2026-03_FOES_Studie_Gaskraftwerke.pdf)

Fraunhofer Institute: "Options for integrating electric vehicles into power grids" (2025) – https://www.fraunhofer.de/en.html(General English Portal available, study published in German)

Fraunhofer ISE & Fraunhofer ISI / Transport & Environment: Study on the "Potential of a full EV-power-system integration in Europe & how to realise it" (2024) – https://uploads.transportenvironment.org/production/files/2024_10_Study_V2G_EU-Potential_Final.pdf?dm=1731426501

NOW GmbH / National Centre for Charging Infrastructure: "Enabling non-discriminatory bidirectional charging" (2024) – https://www.now-gmbh.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bidirektionales-Laden_240306.pdf(Note: Available only in German)

P3 Group: "Bidirectional Charging – Worth the Hype?" (2025) – https://p3-group.com/Insights/bidirectional-charging-worth-the-hype/

RWTH Aachen (ISEA CARL) / The Mobility House Energy: "Optimizing Battery Lifespan: How Vehicle-to-Grid and Smart Charging Impact the Aging of EV Batteries" (2025) – https://cdn-website.mobilityhouse.com/25-10_WP_RWTH_EN_b135edc9631bdfda6acb27a816953fa9.pdf

smartEn (Smart Energy Europe) / DNV: "V2X Enablers and Barriers: Assessment of the regulatory framework of bidirectional EV charging in Europe" (2023) – https://smarten.eu/reports/report-l-bidirectional-charging-of-electric-vehicles-enablers-barriers-in-europe

Stiftung Umweltenergierecht (Foundation for Environmental Energy Law): "Legal classification: Bidirectional charging of electric vehicles" (2024) – https://stiftung-umweltenergierecht.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Stiftung_Umweltenergierecht_Wuestudien_38_Bidirektionales-Laden.pdf(Note: Available only in German)

T&E (Transport & Environment): "Unlocking Vehicle-to-Grid at Scale: Why EU type approval is the missing lever to make every EV a grid asset" (2026) – https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/unlocking-vehicle-to-grid-at-scale

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE): "Vehicles-to-Grid Integration Assessment Report" (2025) – https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/Vehicle_Grid_Integration_Asseessment_Report_01162025.pdf

VDE FNN (Network Technology/Network Operations Forum): "Charging and feeding back electricity from electric vehicles from grid perspective" (2024) – https://www.vde.com/de/fnn/aktuelles/bidirektionales-laden-aus-netzsicht(Note: Available only in German)

Wood Mackenzie: "Power from the people: The state of the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) market" (2025) – https://www.woodmac.com/news/opinion/power-from-the-people-the-state-of-the-vehicle-to-everything-v2x-market